¶ Allegation
At a battle in Nanking, in a capital of Republic of China (Dec 1937 to Jan/Feb 1938) on Japan vs Han Chinese Chiang Kai-shek (KMT: Kuomintang Republic of China) 2nd Sino-Japanese war, Westerners in Nanking, mostly American journalists and pastors, accused Japanese soldiers for raping and killing massive civilians. After WW2, at Tokyo trial in 1946-48, the burial record was submitted by Republic of China showing a total buried body count 260K. The Japanese commander at Nanking battle Iwane Matsui was summoned on trial and executed.
¶ Conclusion (Truth)
Nanking massacre is the propaganda made up twice.
First one is by American Journalists and pastors who sided with Chiang kai-shek/Soong mei-ling at a battle in 1937-38. They also used other nationalities to spread their propaganda.
There was no such massacre of Chinese civilians by the Japanese. No such photos proving that Japanese killed civilians (See Nanking fake photos). None of the Westerners actually saw Japanese soldiers killing civilians in person (See Did they actually see?) They only saw the dead bodies or the injured not knowing who did it, or they saw Japanese killing soldiers, whom they thought were civilians. It was Chiang kai-shek who ordered to execute Chinese people as traitors even several months before the battle on December in Nanking. He escaped irresponsibly without giving any proper order to his soldiers. When Japanese leader Matsui gave KMT an ultimatum to surrender to avoid unnecessary war, killing and damaging ancient buildings, KMT ignored it. Then on the evening on 12th December right before Japanese entered Nanking on 13th, KMT sub leader Tang escaped. The remained Chinese soldiers went to a huge panic and ended up with killing each other by other Chinese troops who were ordered to shoot anyone trying to escape (Yijiang Gate massacre). The devastating scene was described as “a terrible holocaust “ by Fitch and also he says thousands of them drowned at Yangtze river, including civilians. The similar descriptions can be found in Chinese KMT sources too. Even worse, the other Chinese soldiers escaped into safety zone in a city where they were not supposed to, stashed their weapons and wore civilian clothings terrorizing a city. Japanese military saw it as a threat and moped them up, which Westerners probably thought civilians were killed.
Second one is made up at Tokyo trial in 1946-48 by war winners after WW2, the US and Republic of China. After the battle, Japanese hired Chinese burial team, Red Swastika, to clean up the city, which was recognized by Westerners too. The initial burial record in 1938 from Red Swastika shows only 40K bodies (the record submitted at Tokyo trial shows female/child rate is only 0.3 percent) but it is still exaggerated to make money with doubtful records on snowy days. But surprisingly after Japan lost WW2 in 1945, a new list of burial records by other groups with 220K bodies suddenly appeared and submitted at Tokyo trial by Republic Of China, claiming the sum of all death toll soaring up to 260K (surpassing Hiroshima/Nagasaki atomic bomb victims, 210K) (See Burial Record) to justify atomic bombs. The court on Tokyo trial whose judges are from war winner nations acknowledged the massacre and Japanese general Matsui Iwane was executed, who had nothing to do with Pacific war against the US.
Mao(毛沢東), Zhon Enlai(周恩来), or Wang Jingwei(汪兆銘) never mentioned Nanking massacre . Wang took over Nanking in 1940 two years later after Nanking battle. Chiang kai-shek did mention Japanese barbaric act in Nanking in his diary Jan 22th in 1938 but that was the next day when Bates, American pastor who was also an advisor or Republic of China, posted his article about Nanking atrocity in North China Daily News. Currently CCP took over Nanking propaganda, and built Nanking massacre museum in 1985 where there used to be a monument, 雨花台烈士稜園, built by Mao in 1949 saying the Kuomintang government massacred 300,000 Communist martyrs at Yuhuatai.
It is also noteworthy that six months after Nanking battle, Chiang ordered to bomb a river dyke to halt Japanese troops causing Yellow River Flood killing up to a million of Chinese people while Japanese military worked hard to save them. Yet, the US medias never condemned Chiang‘s inhumane act but reported as an act of Japanese with Chinese source. Chiang kai-shek relocated his government to Chongqing while two years later in 1940 Wang Jingwei anti-communist new peaceful Chinese government was established in Nanking. Chiang called it Japanese puppet in his letter to Franklin Roosevelt who later financially and Militarily supported Chiang. In 1941, Franklin Roosevelt sent the ultimatum to Japan as a condition of releasing the embargo against Japan, by demanding Japan to support only Chongqing government (Japanese enemy, Chiang kai-shek) , denying Nanking gov(Wang Jingwei), forcing Japan no choice but the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Quick Summary
I made 4 flashcard-like summaries as a simple takeaway.
Go to the details describing above.
¶ Details
¶ A Brief history of Chiang kai-shek 's Republic Of China since 1928
Nanking is the capital of Republic Of China(ROC). Its leader is Chiang kai-shek, the opponent of Japanese on 2nd Sino-Japanese war. Chiang was not even elected in a democratic way by locals, but he was a dictator, who married with Soon Mei-ling from wealthy Soong family , Zhejiang financial cliqu 浙江財閥. In fact, Republic Of China was first recognized by the US in 1928 by T.V. Soong( a brother of Soong meiling) and MacMurray after the US battleship shelling Nanking city, Nanking Massacre in 1927 as a retaliation of Chinese soldiers killed several westerners including Americans and Japanese. Chiang kai-shek apologized to the US and US made him a leader of “China” by supporting him , which had been on the disorder state in civil war with multiple dictators.
¶ The terror of Chiang Kai-shek Nanking regime
| Anti-Japanese propagandists always REFUSED to mention the inconvenient truth that KMT Chinese soldiers in Nanking have executed 2000 Chinese civilians since September. |
Even before Nanking battle began, Chiang Kai-shek has executed 2000 Chinese civilians for a suspicion of traitors. The closer the date of battle against Japan got , the more execution KMT did. None of these incidents showing the atrocious side of KMT were mentioned in John Rabe's diary.
Source: Henderson daily dispatch(2nd November in 1937)
Japanese Archive film 戦線後方記録映画 南京 (Sen sen kou hou kiroku eiga, Nanking)
Japanese newspaper says Nanking has became a dead city, and beheaded heads everywhere. Oddly if you read John Rabe's diary on the same period, none of the terrifying nature of Chiang's regime was mentioned, but only a normal happy day life. why?
On 9th Dec 1937, KMT top leader, Chiang Kai-shek and his wife Soong Mei-ling fled away with US pilot airplane leaving Chinese commander, Tang alone. Chiang is the one who made a speech to their soldiers saying anyone who is trying to escape will get shot. Yet he himself fled away.
Japanese leader Iwane Matsui, a good man, sent a message to surrender to spare Chinese soldiers‘ lives and to protect the ancient building in Nanking.
Yet Chinese KMT refused and decided to fight till the last drop of a blood absorbed in the land.
¶ Nanking Massacre, “A terrible holocaust” at gate by panic Chinese KMT soldiers trying to escape, killing each other, and thousands drown at river after firing each other right before Japanese entry of Nanking.
Have you heard people say “Denying Nanking massacre is like denying holocaust” ? Guess what?? There was the primary source description saying “a terrible holocaust” in Nanking, but right BEFORE Japanese entered.
| Anti-Japanese propagandists always REFUSED to mention the primary source says there was a terrible holocaust , but made by Chinese soldiers on 12th at north gate of Nanking and river right before Japanese entry on 13th from south gate. |
On 12th Dec evening, right before the battle, Tang escaped from Nanking, which put the KMT soldiers into a huge panic and they tried to escape as well out of a walled city heading to a north gate, but there was “a terrible holocaust” as Fitch’s note says, the other Chinese soldiers who were ordered to kill those trying to escape shot Chinese soldiers including civilians. Furthermore at the north bay at Yangtze River thousands of Chinese soldiers tried to cross a river and drowned BEFORE Japanese reached on 13th morning. This is all because of the irresponsible Chinese leaders who refused Japanese peaceful proposal and escaped without giving the remained soldiers a proper order. See how Chiang kai-shek, Soong meiling, and Tang escaped from Nanking.
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(Below) The order from Tang issued on 1937/12/11 one day before Yijiang Gate massacre says those stop fighting will get a severe punishment(execution) in item 6 . Tang himself escaped on Dec 12th after Chiang kai-shek fled away on Dec 8th. 
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¶ Then, the panic KMT soldiers flooded into Safety Zone, throwing away their uniforms…. broke a rule, What a mess!!!!
Japanese newspaper, Mainichi says about 5000 Chinese soldiers escaped into Safety Zone where they were not supposed to as below.
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南京城内 中山路に集められた中国軍投降兵達。撮影した特派員は「避難民にまぎれて逃亡をくわだてた約五千～六千名の正規兵」と説明している。手前右に、日本軍野戦憲兵の姿がみえる。(毎日新聞社提供) Chinese soldiers who surrendered gathered on Zhongshan Road within Nanjing City. The photographer explained they were “approximately 5,000 to 6,000 regular soldiers who attempted to escape by mingling with refugees.” Japanese military field police can be seen in the foreground on the right.(Provided by Mainichi Newspapers)  |
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支那事変画報 第14輯 1938年1月 南京城内で避難民にまぎれて逃亡を企てた支那正規兵、約五六千人を調べる Shina Ga-Hou (China Incident Pictorial), Volume 14, January 1938 Approximately 5,000 to 6,000 Chinese regular soldiers attempting to flee by mingling with refugees within Nanjing City are being investigated.  |
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Chinese soldiers killed civilians to take the civilian clothings. 
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Now Japan had to clean up this mess.
After Nanking fall on 13th Dec in 1937, the order of Nanking city was restored. The terror of regime by Chiang Kai-shek ended, and a new autonomous government was set up. Then in 1940 Wang Jingwei anti-communist Nanking government of Republic Of China, as a better alternative of Chiang kai-shek , was established.
The collection of authentic photos of Nanking after the order was restored.
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Some Chinese POW were treated, retrained and released by Japanese . But some others were executed (which is explained later below).
(Below) Japanese medial organization Dou-Jin-Kai(同仁会) supported by Japanese government offered a free vaccination to 400000 Chinese people in Nanking on June 1938, only 5 months after the battle.
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同仁会白衣の戦史 南京四十萬の全市民に種痘とコレラ豫防注射を開始してゐる The Medical Society(Dou-Jin-Kai 同仁会)'s History of the White-Coated Warriors Initiating smallpox inoculation and cholera preventive injections for all 400,000 citizens of Nanking. 
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¶ None of Westerners saw Japanese killing civilians in person for sure
Eyewitness of massacre? No. Unless you actually see someone killing someone else in person, you can't call yourself eyewitness. When you find a passage in books saying “Japanese killed civilians”, you need to check carefully. did they actually see it or just dead bodies? or it wasn't civilians killed, or hearsay.
¶ John Magee and his photos and films
John Magee, one of American pastors took photos and films of the injured and dead bodies and summoned to Tokyo trial. He confessed that he only saw a single case of killing in person where he saw from balcony Japanese soldiers shoot Chinese man running away during interrogation. The rest is all hearsay. None of his films was submitted to the court, probably they also have the scenes of the girls smiling.
Is it possible that Chinese patients brought to Western doctors at a hospital lie by claiming Japanese did it?
→ Yes, they lie. They lie to save money as shown in John Rabe's diary below. It is possible that they can get a free treatment if they say Japanese did it, and considered as a war victim, not a self responsible injury or a trouble among Chinese locals.
¶ Good Nazi? John Rabe
There is no description in John Rabe's diary that he actually saw Japanese killing civilians in person. He is criticized by the other German, Scharfenberg for hearing from only one side. (See John Rabe page)
See more detail about John Rabe.
Some might think Germany was allied with Japan. This is not exactly right. Germany was supporting Chiang kai-shek with German advisor, Alexander von Falkenhausen. Hiller got close to Japan after seeing Chiang's inability at Nanking battle.
While many Chinese soldiers were escaping to north and ended up with getting shot or drowned at Yangtze river, many other Chinese soldiers flooded into Safety Zone where they are not supposed to enter, and stashed their weapons in school or foreign embassies pretending to be civilians while committing crimes (See KMT crimes). What a mess!!! all because of irresponsible Chinese KMT leaders!!
Japanese military decided a mopping operation for the concern of the safety of the city where KMT still attacked Japanese troops by air raid on 2rd, 16th on Jan 1938 to take back Nanking (See Soviet involvement).
Yet, Americans sided with Chiang Kai-shek took it as a massacre and spread anti-Japanese propaganda to the world and even worse, they helped Chinese KMT soldiers hide in Safety Zone, which is the completely unneutral act.
¶ How Americans made up Nanking Massacre twice.
Generally you hear, Nanking massacre, Japanese killed “200K or more”. But this is “the second” propaganda which appeared suddenly after WW2 at Tokyo trial to justify the US atomic bombs. Originally, at the time of Nanking battle, even Chiang kai-shek claimed only 20K, American pastor claimed 40K.
In this section, it clarifies how the propaganda was made by Americans, and how Chinese, Chiang kai-shek and later now CCP took over.
¶ First Nanking propaganda (1937 Dec - 1938)
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American Journalists
Since a battle at Shanghai, American journalists had been on the side of Han Chinese Chiang Kai-shek and his wife, Soong Mei-ling as seen in the photo below taken in Nanking two months before a battle. Chiang and Soong fled away five days before the battle irresponsibly. They spread anti-Japanese propaganda in a direct manner such as newspapers or journals with their names on them. Especially at Nanking battle, Steel, McDaniel, and Durdin reported biased stories against Japan, which were observed by Japanese military. The trend of US bias media even went further on June (6 month after Nanking battle) when Chiang bombed Yellow river to cause a flood to attack Japanese troops, causing up to a million of Chinese civilian's death , NY times said Japanese did it citing Chinese source and no single condemnation against Chiang for his inhumane act and posted his wife's posts while Japanese military was straggling with rescuing Chinese people (See Yellow River Flood and Spanish newspaper’s criticism).
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Nanking massacre Fake news Following four western articles about “from 4 to 6 feet high pile of bodies the truck ran over" were fake news, and they are all about Yijiang Gate massacre, made by Chinese on 12th Dec evening right BEFORE Japanese entered a walled city. Yet they reported as if Japanese did it. No such other place existed at Nanking battle.
[The Chicago Daily News 15th on Dec 1937 written by Steel ] The world first report about Nanking massacre below is already fake with misleading the title Japanese atrocity describing “Bodies Piled 5 Feet High in Streets”, which actually is Yijiang Gate massacre He mentioned he saw dead bodies, but he never says he saw Japanese killing them in person. He only says he saw Japanese jabbing Chinese civilians. But was it really civilian or one of those escaping into Safety zone switching their uniform to civilian clothing when Japanese were on the mopping operation.  [The Chicago Daily News 16th on Dec 1937 written by Steel ]
[New York Times 18th on Dec 1937 written by Durdin] New York Times by Durdin also wrote this pile of bodies as if it was made by Japanese. After the war, during the interview with Tokushi Kasahara, Durdin admitted there was no battle with Japanese at that gate. 
[London Times 18th on Dec 1937] Again, this is about Yijiang Gate massacre. 
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American pastors
While journalists spread propaganda in a direct or explicit manner, American pastors such as Fitch, Bates, his subordinate Smyth, and his senior Mills(Sub leader of Safety Zone committee ) did in a more indirect, manipulative or elaborate way such as anonymously writing articles on newspapers and Australian Timperley's book or using other nationalities such as German John Rabe who was appointed to be a leader of Safety Zone committee against his will, without getting themselves involved explicitly. These American pastors were close to Chiang and Soong. As shown below, Bates was the KMT advisor working for Chiang kai-shek and reward twice. China born Fitch and his wife were friends of Soong Mei-ling, this couple were anti-Japanese activist supporting Korean terrorists or agitating American public into attacking Japan.
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Interesting to read what Wilson Plumer Mills, the oldest senior among the US pastors at the time of Nanking battle, wrote in his paper below. It tells you that the close relationship between Chiang Kai-shek and US pastors in Nanking had started as early as 1931 when Chiang had become Christian and protected Christianity in Nanking for a political reason while other Chinese leaders did not .
¶ Who told Nanking massacre fake story to Chiang? Answer: Bates
If any massacre to Chinese by Japanese had occurred, Republic Of China, Chiang kai-shek should be the first person raising his voice and accusing Japan for its crime. Oddly, Chiang's first mention of Japanese killing people in Nanking appeared on Jan 21st on his dairy, which is the next day of this mysterious post on North China Daily News. The description of 8000 or 20K rapes(almost impossible as explained later) is what Bates has been saying at Tokyo trial too. In other words, Bates as KMT advisor made up Nanking massacre and told its story to Chiang. Therefore, Nanking massacre was not made up by Chinese Chiang, nor communist Mao who never mention Nanking massacre, but AMERICANs.
¶ Who misinformed and spread the competition of killing 100 story? Answer: Bates.
Two Japanese soldiers, Toshiaki Mukai and Tsuyoshi Noda competing each other over which could kill 100 first? Sounds awful? Of course this is all about killing “enemy soldiers”, which was written in a newspaper as a brave story much like Lord of Rings.
(Below) The original Japanese NichiNichi newspaper article (1937/12/13). The occurrence is 12th, (Japanese entry in Nanking city is 13th), the location is Changzhou, it is not about Nanking battle.
(As shown below, the truth is they didn't even kill 100. Japanese media admitted that they made up the story, possibly to sell more.
Counting how many enemy to kill is like the lord of the movie below, or it is like the pilots pasting the enemy embrames to count how many enemy planes they shot down. It is only about a battle.
(Below) If you read Western articles , they all say killing “soldiers”, “Foe” specifically not civilians.
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The US newspaper, The Boston Globe 1937Dec14 properly reported as killing Chinese soldiers. 
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100 Chinese soldiers  |
100 of Foe  |
Yet, strangely the book below, “What War Means” (1938) written by Australian journalist, Harold John Timperley, calls hundred killing as “Murder” and fails to say killing Chinese “soldiers”, but only says killing Chinese misleading readers to think that Japanese had no problem killing Chinese civilians.
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The author Harold John Timperley left Nanking on September and was not even in Nanking at the time of battle on December, then how did he write the book about Nanking? It turns out that this is anti-Japanese propaganda book, mostly written by Bates and Fitch from Chapter 1-4 anonymously as below. Read more.
| Chapter 1 | Nanking's Ordeal 「南京の生き地獄」 | Bates/Fitch |
| Chapter 2 | Robbery, Murder and Rape「掠奪、虐殺、強姦」 | Bates |
| Chapter 3 | Promise and Performance「甘き欺瞞と血醒き暴行」 | Bates |
| Chapter 4 | The Nightmare Continues 「悪魔の所為」 | Bates/Fitch |
The book was also translated into Chinese titled “外国人目睹中的日军暴行” by two authors 田伯烈 and 郭沫若 with suspicious photos. After WW2, Nanking Tribune court held by Chinese KMT, sentenced to death to these two Japanese soldiers where Bates attended to testify. We now know that Timperley was working for Republic of China and the top agent at Chinese propaganda office in London. See the article.
The letter below from Bates on 14th March in 1938 to Timperley. The letter was written in implicit way but basically it is about Bates using Timperley to spread anti-Japanese propaganda to the world. Also Bates saying “40K burial record by Red Swastika is unarmed” is groundless or misleading. The truth is only 0.3 percent of 40K bodies is female/children, and the rest is possibly Chinese ”soldiers" (See Burial Record ). But the similar pathage appears in Timperley's book.
Interesting to see the letter from Bates (1938/4/14) showing his appreciation to Japanese who provided the copies of NichiNichi newspaper. He had the access to read them.
Even though Timperley wrote the book telling the world the damage and massacre of Nanking when he was not even there, he didn't come back to Nanking but instead he fled to Chiang kai-shek.
Overall, this is the collaborating the anti-Japanese propaganda work by Bates and Timperley for Chiang Kai-shek.
¶ Why didn't the US media criticize Chiang kai-shek for Yellow River Flood?
6 months after Nanking battle, on June in 1938, Chiang kai-shek bombed a dyke of Yellow River to cause a flood to attack Japanese military, but which ended up with killing up to a million of Chinese people for drowning and starvation (See Yellow River Flood for the detail). But US media NEVER criticized Chiang but blamed Japan, calling a necessary sacrifice, and showing Chiang's wife's sequel of posts like US media doesn't care much about Chinese victims while Japanese soldiers saved them and Japanese media criticized Chiang as a “the eternal enemy of mankind”.
(Below) The ironic layout of newspaper page showing the US media hypocrisy. NewYork times let Soong meiling talk about the future of China when her husband was killing a million of Chinese ordinary people with Yellow River Flood.
(Below) Spanish newspaper El Diario vasco 19th June in 1938 criticized the US hypocrisy for not blaming Chiang Kai-shek for Yellow River Flood.
The photo below is a collection of multiple Japanese newspaper articles talking about Yellow River flood and how Japanese military rescuing locals, and condemning Chiang kai-shek as an eternal enemy of mankind,人類永遠の敵, 蒋.
¶ Second Nanking Propaganda Tokyo Trial (1945-)
After WW2, the war winners, US and Republic of China collaborated in further making up Nanking massacre to demonize Japan and justify atomic bombs, even though it had nothing to do with the US and 4 years previous event(1937) from Pearl harbor(1941). There were two war winner trials related to Nanking.
[ Far Eastern Military Tribunal/ Tokyo trial ]
Tokyo trial was run mainly by the US, the death count significantly soared up to 200K to 300K (matched to Hiroshima/Nagasaki atomic bomb victims, 210K) with the "non original" burial record submitted to the court by Republic Of China (See Burial Record).
Japanese leader at Nanking battle, Iwane Matstui (松井 石根), who has nothing to do with Pacific War(a battle against the US), was brought to the court, sentenced to death, and executed by the US to demonize Japan, to make a good reason to fight and, to justify atomic bombs.
Although US pastors had avoided directly spreading Anti-Japanese propaganda as opposed to US journalists did explicitly, after the war, they came forward and made testimonies against Japan.
One of which was, of course, Bates, one of those playing a major role to create Nanking massacre for KMT.
He himself never said he saw Japanese killing civilians in person, but made a variety of testimonies about Nanking massacre.
[Nanking Military Tribune]
Other trial related to Nanking is Nanking Military Tribune run by Republic of China, where Bates attended to testify, and Japanese such as Hisao Tani(谷 寿夫), Tsuyoshi Noda(野田 毅), and Toshiaki Mukai(向井 敏明) were sentenced to death and were executed.
Of course, neither of these war winner courts accused US President Truman for atomic bombs killing 200K people, the US B29 air raid on an Hankou in China in 1943 killing 40K Chinese as Chiang wrote in his diary or Chiang kai-shek for Yellow River Flood killing up to 1 million people.
¶ Killing captured Chinese KMT soldiers by Japanese soldiers is justified
On the debate of Nanking massacre, it is usually the case, once anti-Japanese activists realize there was no such massacre against civilians, they started to blame Japanese for executing captured Chinese soldiers. But this is justified with following reasons .
- The act of throwing away military uniforms, wearing civilian clothing and hiding in Safety Zone is not considered to be POW.
Because of Chiang kai-shek 's irresponsibility, approximately 5000 remaining Chinese soldiers escaped to Safety Zone. But Safety Zone is not meant to be a hideout for soldiers but only to protect civilians or cure the injured. These plain- clothes soldiers throwing away their uniforms actually stashed their weapons in a least likely places such as foreign embassies or schools as already mentioned above. This disqualifies them to be treated as POW, but rather “a tact of a battle” to wait for a right moment to attack Japanese whenever the situation changed. If they wanted to surrender, they should come forward and give away their weapons to Japanese directly.
2. It was December which was still in the middle of battle with air raid and a risk of Chinese taking back Nanking.
All execution of Chinese soldiers were on December 1937, and no one knew when the battle would end since Chinese leaders ran away. As shown below Japanese newspapers, John Rabe's diary, Chinese KMT was said to come and take Nanking back, and there were several air raid by Chinese KMT(Soviet pilots) over Nanking on Jan 1938. Japanese soldier said it is only after February that Nanking city was settled down.
3. Chinese KMT soldiers had been killing 2000 civilians, they are not soldiers but organized murderers.
But above all, the root of problem of Nanking battle is not Japanese but Chinese top leaders, Chiang Kai-shek and Tang who told their soldiers to fight till a last man and ordered barrier troops to shoot those escaping while they cowardly and irresponsibly escaped themselves. As a result, the barrier troops killed not only other soldiers but civilians, and the trapped soldiers escaped to Safety Zone, and Japanese had to clean up their mess for the safety of a city.
¶ How CCP took over Nanking propaganda since 80's and started to use as a political weapon
Did you know Mao (毛沢東) or Zhon Enlai (周恩来) never mentioned Nanking massacre? Mao did mention about Nanking battle and he said Japanese killed LESS .
Nanking massacre museum was built and opened only in 1985, and before that there used to be a different monument 雨花台烈士稜園, built by Mao in 1950 saying the Kuomintang government massacred 300,000 Communist martyrs at Yuhuatai.
(Below) This is what a monument used to be. Built in 1950/7/1, Monument to the Martyrs of the People's Revolution. Erected with respect by the people of all walks of life in Nanjing
一九五〇年七月一日 ★人民革命烈士墓 奠基 纪念碑 南京市各界人民敬立
(Below) Search result about 国民党政府在雨花台會经屠杀了30万共产党烈士 (The Kuomintang government massacred 300,000 Communist martyrs at Yuhua Terrace)
(Below) The current description about a monument. It has been commemorated for various things as a martyrs' cemetery including the one by Mao.
[Translation]
A place name in China. A martyrs' cemetery. Located in the center of Nanjing, it is a hill approximately 100 meters high and 3,000 meters in circumference. Its ancient name was Shizitu. It is the type locality for the Yuhuatai Formation of the Late Pleistocene strata, named by Liu Jichen and others in 1924. The stratigraphic section ranges in thickness from a few meters to over 40 meters, consisting primarily of brown-red and brown-yellow clay and gravel layers. Over the centuries, many patriots and heroes have left behind heroic deeds here. Taiping Army officers and soldiers fought bloody battles against Qing forces here on multiple occasions, and it was also a significant battlefield during the Xinhai Revolution. Following the April 12 counterrevolutionary coup in 1927, tens of thousands of revolutionaries, including Yun Daiying and Deng Zhongxia, were executed here. The Yuhuatai Revolutionary Martyrs’ Cemetery was established in 1950. Situated within an 86.67-hectare man-made forest, it features a memorial monument inscribed by Mao Zedong atop its main peak, as well as a museum dedicated to the history of the martyrs. The cemetery underwent further expansion in 1979.
