¶ Japan never invaded “China” or any nation in a modern era. Han Chinese/Soviet/the US invaded Manchuria.
See also related pages:
Manchoukuo: A rebrand nation of Qing dynasty
¶ “Why were Japanese military in China?”
Truth is Japan never invaded “China” or any nation in a modern era. “China” is not single entity, it was a land that had been invaded by different ethnics as Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) is Mongolian ruled China, Ming dynasty (1368-1644) is Han Chinese ruled China, and Qing dynasty (1644-1912) is Manchu ruled China who are originally from Manchuria at north east beyond Great Wall Ming built.
Throughout history “China” had been the unlawful and unsafe place to live in. The massacre, invasion, violating treaties and no democracy ever. But it was also abused and exploited by the Powers such as Opium War (1st 1839–1842, 2nd 1856–1860).
In 1900 the anti-foreigners group against the Western powers known as Boxers attacked foreigners in China, which killed Japanese. After the crush of its movement by the Powers, the Powers and Japanese military stayed in China legally under Peking protocol since 1901. In 1905, with treaty of Manchuria, Qing dynasty Manchu leased their fatherland Manchuria to Japan as a concession.
¶ End of Qing dynasty, the beginning of the trouble
The problem started after Xinhai revolution in 1911 when Manchus lost power. The root cause of all conflicts in China including 2nd Sino-Japanese war is the failure of transition of power from Manchus to Han Chinese, which affected to the all nations which had treaties with Qing including Japan who expected a new Han Chinese government to continue & respect the treaties in past. The reason the transition failed is because simply Han Chinese didn't keep a promise or the instability of Chinese government whose Han Chinese representatives not chosen by democratic way changed quickly after the death of Yuan Shikai & Sun Yat-sen with illness, and emerging multiple warlords claimed “China”. The foreign nations were confused, as French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference was believed to have said “What is China ???”.
Qing dynasty Manchus had Yuan Shikai sign Abdication treaty in 1912, but Manchus were massacred and the treaty was broken. In 1916 Yuan Shikai died and in 1924 Feng Yuxiang kicked out last emperor Puyi and royals out of Forbidden city. They escaped to his father's residence, then they secretly moved to Japanese legation in Peking and moved to Japanese concession in Tianjin. Who would've thought leasing their land as a concession to foreign nation(Japan) would save their lives? In 1928 after Han Chinese vandalized Qing dynasty tomb, Puyi got furious, became a different person, and started to look at Manchuria, the fatherland of Manchus. But Manchus is not the only ones who got a trouble by uprising Han Chinese.
Soviet had the right to own a railroad in Manchuria as Japan did, and when Soviet felt violated by Han Chinese and got into a trouble, Soviet attacked them as in 1929 Sino-Soviet War (or Chinese Eastern Railroad Incident). Chiang kai-shek appealed on League of Nations on this, but oddly no nations or the US took any action.
Japan who had a concession and railroad in Manchuria, and got into a trouble as well. After revolution, Japan had the treaty with Yuan Shikai , 21 demands, to continue the treaty Japan had with Manchus. Yet he died soon and multiple Han Chinese warlords claimed Manchuria such as Chiang kai-shek and Zhang Zuolin/Zhang Zuoliang. Manchuria was at a disorder and the railroad has been terrorized by bandits damaging, kidnapping and killing Japanese with more than 100 cases. Han Chinese refused to pay the loan by Japanese, and violated every Japanese right Japan had since Qing dynasty, such as the right of managing railroad, developing forest, and fishing, and oppressed Koreans in Manchuria. These problems are referred to Manchuria-Mongolia problem.
¶ Mukden/Manchurian Incident
In 1931 on 27 June, Japanese officers (Nakamura and Isugi) and others were murdered in Manchuria land, yet Han Chinese side called it Japanese hoax or delaying the investigation, which later ended up with the perpetrator escaping. Finally Japan reached a saturation point, these Han Chinese dictators should be out of Manchuria. It is believed that on 18 September in 1931 the Kwantung Army, Japanese military stationed in Manchuria to protect Japanese property, made a false flag small bomb on a train, and using it as a pretext, attacked Han Chinese troops (Liutiaohu Incident/9.18 Incident). Then Japan kicked Han Chinese troops out of Manchuria and asked Puyi living in Japanese concession in Tianjin to come back home, Manchuria. He did so in his own will quoted as "The Dragon goes home" (Twilight in the Forbidden City, Reginald Johnston). In 1932 Japan built Manchoukuo , a rebrand of Manchurian nation, Manchuria acknowledged by Puyi who was appointed as a president (執政) and later became an emperor of Manchoukuo in 1934. It makes a sense since Manchuria is a fatherland of Manchus where Japan had a concession leased by Manchus, never belonged to Han Chinese. This is win-win situation for both Manchus and Japanese including other national residents such as Koreans, Han Chinese, and Russian in Manchuria. There shouldn't be any interference from Han Chinese warlords and Powers especially from the US. But investigation team from League of Nations, including Lord Lytton, refused to recognize Manchukuo and concluded Japanese invaded Manchuria. On March 27 in 1933 Japan officially withdrew from the League of Nations. But later Manchoukuo was recognized by 19 foreign nations.
¶ How did Manchoukuo end?
On 4–11 February 1945 at the almost end of WW2 at Yalta meeting, Franklin Roosevelt gave Manchuria to Stalin asking to join a war against Japan, not even giving to Han Chinese Chiang-kai shek. On 9 August Soviet invaded Manchoukuo. Later Han Chinese Mao took it, and currently People's Republic of China (PRC) illegally had it.
The details are explained in chronological order as follows.
¶ 1898/4/17 Treaty of Shimonoseki (下関条約)
At 1st Sino(Qing Manchus)-Japanese war(日清戦争), Japan got Formos(Taiwan), Penghu Islands (or Pescadores Islands) (澎湖群島), Liaodong Peninsula (遼東半島) in Manchuria. But later, the protest by Russia, Germany, and France, Japan returned Liaodong Peninsula, then later Russia took it.
¶ 1900 Boxer Rebellion (義和団の乱)
In 1900, Boxer rebellion besieged the foreign district of China’s capital city Beijing, assaulted and killed foreigners including Japanese legation, Sugiyama Akira. Western powers and Japan organized a multinational force, Eight-Nation Alliance (including US, Britain, Japan, Russia), to crush the rebellion.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion
¶ 1901/9/7 Boxer Protocol (北京議定書)
The Boxer Rebellion was was suppressed by the armies of the Western powers and Japan, and formally ended with the signing of the Boxer Protocol on September 7, 1901 permitting to station troops in multiple places in China for their defense.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Protocol
¶ 1905/9/4 Treaty of Portsmouth
After Russo-Japanese war (日露戦争), Japan obtained/succeeded the leasehold rights from Russia to southern Liaodong Peninsula (including Port Arthur and Dalian, known as Kwantung Province), railway concessions south of Changchun (the South Manchuria Railway), and the cession of Sakhalin south of 50°N latitude through .
¶ 1905 /12/22 Treaty of Manchuria (満洲善後条約)
In 1905, Treaty of Manchuria was made by Manchus and Japan. Manchus leased Manchuria to Japanese as a concession. Source : Wiki / Japanese Gov Archive web
(Below) The private Scottish teacher, Johnston, for the young Qing last emperor says, if Japan had not won a war against Russia, Manchuria was invaded by Russia.
¶ Xinhai Revolution (辛亥革命) in 1911 and Abdication Treaty (退位協定) in 1912
This is when all problem started. Xinhai revolution by Han Chinese in 1911 led to the end of the Manchurian rule, Qing dynasty.
When the last emperor, Puyi abdicated, Abdication Treaty was made in 1912 with Yuan Shikai. This is the international, supreme and the last treaty made by Manchus, which promises to live with 5 ethnic groups of people (Han, Manchus, Mongolian, Tibetan, Islamic) in harmony representing 5 colors in flag.
Abdication Treaties signed February 11, 1912 between Qing Manchus and Republic Of China(Yuan Shikai) about the rights of Manchus, Mongols, Mohammedans, and Tibetans, who are considered as being outside the Chinese Nations.
In the book, Case for Manchoukuo by George Bronson Rea ,
(Left below) The Abdication Treaties are the supreme law, overriding all treaties that may have been subsequently entered into between the Republic of China and Foreign Powers.
(RIght below) The demand by Yuan's generals that the dynasty accept his abdication scheme and the restatement by Washington of a policy by the powers of concerted action in an emergency. The six-year-old emperor, Puyi, the youthful dowager empress, agreed to republican terms of “favorable treatment” and on February 12, 1912, duly authorized Yuan Shikai to take charge pending formation of a united republican government.
(Left below) Abdication Agreements between Manchus and the Republic of China(Yuan Shikai) were in every way solemn treaties incorporated into the fundamental law of the republic and the preamble to its draft constitution. These agreements therefore became the law of the land, the law which determined all further international law covering China.
(RIght below) Abdication Agreement were recorded with the Powers and therefore stand in international law. No time limit in international law to such claims, they still persist in all their original vitality and legality. The self-imposed autocrats of the “Chinese Republic” had no more right to sign and ratify the Nine Power Treaty and commit the government to a violation of its fundamental law of Republic of China.
The book as shown below, The Manchu Abdication and the Powers by John Gilbert, tells you the reality that the process of transition of a power from Qing to Yuan Shikai and the recognition of Yuan’s new government by the foreign Powers were together. The Powers wouldn't have recognized Yuan as a new leader if he hadn't agreed implicitly to continue all treaties Qing dynasty ever agreed on with the Powers.
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¶ Han Chinese failed to keep the promises
The appropriate transition of power from Manchus to Han Chinese by treaties has failed. China became in a state of chaos.The greatest victim was the Manchus, followed by the Japanese.
¶ How Mancus treaty was violated: Massacre and violation of Abdication treaty
Han Chinese massacred Manchus and violated Abdication treaty with Manchus.
(Below) The annual pension was never paid to other ethnics.
In 1925, Manchurian royals and last emperor Puyi got kicked out of Forbidden City, escaped to his father's house, then escaped to Japanese legation in Peking.
Later moved to Japanese concession in Tianjin, the resident Zhang Garden 张园(張園) (not open to the public) for 4 years then, Garden of Serenity/Jingyuan 静园(靜園) for 3 years until moving to Manchoukuo in 1932. Probably Manchu royals wouldn't have thought the land leasing to foreign nations(Japan) would save them and become a good hideout at the revolution.
Jingyuan 静园(靜園) is a nice traveling spot. Blog1, Blog2 .
(Below) In 1928, Manchurian tombs of Empress Dowager Cixi and Ch'ien-lung(Qianlong) were destroyed but yet there was no punishment. This incident changed Puyi and he started to feel, his ancestor is calling to their home, Manchuria.
¶ When Soviet felt violated:
Sobiet
¶ How Japanese treaties were violated: Twenty one demands/Treaties with Qing and Russia. The railroad has been terrorized.
Since Japan had a treaty with Qing dynasty, Japan expected Yuan to continue it just like other nations did. Japanese brought 21 demands to Yuan, “the demand” in 1915, actually Republic of China asked Japanese to make it sound like that way, so that China could appeal and excuse “they had to sign” to dodge the criticism. But after they signed, they started to protest. And worse, the US media joined criticising Japan who already caught up with the idea that “poor” Chinese and “aggressive” Japanese as anti-Japanese propaganda.
(Below)
Upper: How Republic Of China turned against Japan after signing.
Bottom: The fact that Qing Manchus had allied with Russia secretly was revealed after Russo-Japanese war. It means Japan had a right to demand a war reparation, but Japan didn't. Instead, Japan built Manchoukuo with Manchus.
On the next year, Yuan Shikai died with illness 6th June in 1916, and the man of a hope for new China, Sun Yat-sen died on 12th March in 1925. China has got into chaos. Emerging new Han Chinese leaders violated the treaties Japan had with Qing, and Manchuria was in trouble, which is referred to as Manchuria and Monglia disorder state problem 満蒙問題 .
https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1465372/1/24
https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1440017/1/81
¶ 1931 Mukden Incident (満州事変) and the birth of Manchoukuo (満洲国建国)
After Xinhai revolution, the biggest victim by Han Chinese were Manchus and Japanese. It is reasonable for them to team up with each other and set the things right in Manchuria!
¶ Nakamura Captain Incident (中村大尉事件)
In 1931, Two Japanese military officers, Shintaro Nakamura (中村 震太郎) and Nobutaro Isugi (井杉延太郎), Mongolian, and Belarusian were killed by Han Chinese at Manchuria side of area. Han Chinese Republic of China lied, made excuses, and refused to hand over the culprit Kuan Yuheng (關玉衡) who escaped later. Japanese side was furious, at any moment the battle could have started. Japan had a justifiable cause of attack.
1931年8月18日 朝日新聞 東京 夕刊１ページ 耳を割き鼻をそぎ、暴戻(ぼうれい)！手足を切断す 支那兵が鬼畜の振る舞い 惨殺前大尉の堂々たる説述 （大連特派員十七日発） 中村大尉殺害当時の事情を聞くに、大尉は捕らえられて、軍事探偵の疑いをもってさるるや、「かくの如き不毛の地を何を苦しんで日本陸軍において探知する必要ありや。また日支関係極めて円満なる折柄、中華軍の如き無力の支那軍隊を日本軍部が探査するが如きがその必要なき」旨を説述するところありしも、無謀な彼等の背くところとならず遂に銃殺に処せられ従容として市についたと然るして、支那官兵は銃殺後、無残にも死体の耳を割き、鼻をそぎ、手足を切断し、殊に〇〇の摘出など、状（さま）いうに忍びざるものあったと、かくの如きは帝国陸軍の二十六年未曾有の事件として、関東軍では内査の歩をすすめている。関東軍司令部では、本事件につき、林総領事の外交手腕に信頼し、支那側との交渉の成果を待つ事となっている。 [English Translation] August 18, 1931 Asahi Shimbun Tokyo Evening Edition, Page 1 Ears slit, noses sliced off—barbaric! Limbs severed! Chinese soldiers behave like beasts. The late Captain's dignified account before his brutal murder (Dalian Special Correspondent, 17th) Upon hearing the circumstances surrounding Captain Nakamura's murder, it was revealed that after his capture and suspicion as a military spy, he stated: "Why should the Japanese Army bother to conduct reconnaissance in such a barren land? Moreover, at a time when Sino-Japanese relations are exceptionally harmonious, it is unnecessary for the Japanese military to investigate a powerless Chinese army like the Chinese forces." However, his words fell on deaf ears, and he was ultimately executed by firing squad. He met his end with composure. After the execution, the Chinese officers and soldiers committed unspeakable atrocities: they cut off the ears of the corpse, sliced off his nose, severed his limbs, and notably extracted his *****—acts too horrific to describe. This incident, unprecedented in the Imperial Army's twenty-six-year history, is now under internal investigation by the Kwantung Army. The Kwantung Army Headquarters, trusting in Consul General Hayashi's diplomatic skills, is awaiting the outcome of negotiations with the Chinese side regarding this matter. |
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1931年9月1日朝日新聞 朝刊 2ページ 調査隊の驚くべき報告 中村大尉惨殺事件調査の一行、五名は二十七日密かに帰来したが、遼寧省政府主席、威式毅等に対し、中村大尉の殺害は、事実無根で日本軍のねつ造事件であると、驚くべき報告をなしたことが判明した。 September 1, 1931 Asahi Shimbun Morning Edition Page 2 Surprising Report from Investigation Team It has been revealed that the five-member team investigating the brutal murder of Lieutenant Nakamura secretly returned on the 27th and made a surprising report to Liaoning Provincial Government Chairman Wei Shiyi and others, stating that the killing of Lieutenant Nakamura was entirely groundless and a fabricated incident by the Japanese army. |
朝日新聞 1931年9月6日 東京 朝刊２ページ Asahi Shimbun, September 6, 1931 Tokyo, Morning Edition, Page 2 [Top right] 中村大尉事件は無根と、王氏、本社記者に強弁。「不良日本人の宣伝だ」と毒舌 C.T.Wang(王正延) Republic of China with his face photo, insisted to Asahi newspaper reporter, Captain Nakamura's incident is groundless, Wang . “It's propaganda by bad Japanese,” he said venomously. [Top middle] 何たる暴言ぞ！南 陸相、怒る What an outrageous remark! Minister of the Army Minami(南) is furious. [middle] 張本人 奉天で取調 一時行方をくらましていた中村大尉虐殺の張本人たる屯墾軍 第三団長代理關玉衡は、奉天に呼び寄せ取り調べをなすこととなった。 The Perpetrator Interrogated in Mukden Lieutenant Nakamura, who had temporarily disappeared, was brutally murdered. The perpetrator, Kuan Yuheng, Acting Commander of the Third Regiment Army, was summoned to Mukden for interrogation. [middle bottom] 中村大尉事件と満蒙における日鮮人圧迫問題、満蒙における諸問題について奉天当局の詳細な説明を聴取し視察する Listen to detailed explanations from the Mukden authorities and conduct inspections regarding the Nakamura Lieutenant Incident, the oppression of Japanese and Korean nationals in Manchuria and Mongolia, and various other issues in Manchuria and Mongolia. |
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1931年9月21日 朝日新聞 東京 朝刊 2ページ 中村事件の關氏逃亡 (奉天二十日発総合) 中村事件の責任者として、東北憲兵司令部に抑留された關玉衡は、今回の事件発生とともに、全く行方不明で、如何に捜査しても発見されない。 September 21, 1931 Asahi Shimbun Tokyo Morning Edition Page 2 Fugitive Kuan in Nakamura Incident (Mukden, 20th) Kuan Yuheng 關玉衡, detained by the Northeast Military Police Headquarters as the person responsible for the Nakamura Incident, has been completely missing since the incident occurred and remains undiscovered despite all efforts to locate him. |
¶ Liutiaohu Incident (柳条湖事件)
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/mukden-incident
¶ The birth of Manchoukuo in 1932
Manchuria had faced a threat from Soviet. It was Japanese who secured Manchuria for Manchus and other multiple nationals/ethnics (Japanese, Han Chinese, Koreans, Mogelans, Russian, Jewish and so on).
¶ The flaw in Stimpson doctrine
The US Simson brought up Nine power treaty, and called what Japan did is “the invasion of Manchuria.” This is very strange, since Manchuria had been the land of Manchus. As mentioned above, Manchus agreed on no other treaty after Abdication Treaty, which is the overriding any other later treaties such as Nine power treaty, which was brought up later by the US Stimson to attack Japan.
and the true invaders of Manchuria, Republic Of China and the US
The contribution to the US economy
¶ Foreign Recognition of Manchoukuo
¶ Hyporetic the US destroyed Manchoukuo and gave to Stalin
This is related to WW2, and the second disaster FDR made on his policy in Asia, Yalta meeting.
FDR had a chance to end a war against Japan after learning about Japanese attempt for a peace talk. Yet, he foolishly asked Stalin to join a war by giving him Manchuria. This is for Soviet a violation of treaty with Japan, and for the US, a simply invasion of Manchuria, where FDR didn't even give it to Han Chinese, Chiang kai-shek.
(Below) Ralph Townsend criticises this US hypocrisy.
